New orally active dual enkephalinase inhibitors (DENKIs) for central and peripheral pain treatment

J Med Chem. 2014 Jul 10;57(13):5748-63. doi: 10.1021/jm500602h. Epub 2014 Jun 24.

Abstract

Protecting enkephalins, endogenous opioid peptides released in response to nociceptive stimuli, is an innovative approach for acute and neuropathic pain alleviation. This is achieved by inhibition of their enzymatic degradation by two membrane-bound Zn-metallopeptidases, neprilysin (NEP, EC 3.4.24.11) and aminopeptidase N (APN, EC 3.4.11.2). Selective and efficient inhibitors of both enzymes, designated enkephalinases, have been designed that markedly increase extracellular concentrations and half-lives of enkephalins, inducing potent antinociceptive effects. Several chemical families of Dual ENKephalinase Inhibitors (DENKIs) have previously been developed but devoid of oral activity. We report here the design and synthesis of new pro-drugs, derived from co-drugs combining a NEP and an APN inhibitor through a disulfide bond with side chains improving oral bioavailability. Their pharmacological properties were assessed in various animal models of pain targeting central and/or peripheral opioid systems. Considering its efficacy in acute and neuropathic pain, one of these new DENKIs, 19-IIIa, was selected for clinical development.

MeSH terms

  • Administration, Oral
  • Analgesics / administration & dosage
  • Analgesics / chemical synthesis
  • Analgesics / pharmacokinetics
  • Animals
  • CD13 Antigens / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Disulfides / administration & dosage
  • Disulfides / chemical synthesis*
  • Disulfides / pharmacokinetics
  • Enkephalins / metabolism
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Mice
  • Neprilysin / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Neuralgia / drug therapy*
  • Neuralgia / enzymology
  • Phenylpropionates / administration & dosage
  • Phenylpropionates / chemical synthesis*
  • Phenylpropionates / pharmacokinetics
  • Prodrugs / administration & dosage
  • Prodrugs / chemical synthesis
  • Prodrugs / pharmacokinetics
  • Prodrugs / therapeutic use
  • Propylamines
  • Protease Inhibitors / administration & dosage*
  • Protease Inhibitors / chemical synthesis
  • Protease Inhibitors / pharmacokinetics
  • Rats

Substances

  • 1-(2-((1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethoxycarbonylmethyl)carbamoyl)-3-phenylpropyldisulfanylmethyl)-3-methylsulfanylpropylamine
  • Analgesics
  • Disulfides
  • Enkephalins
  • Phenylpropionates
  • Prodrugs
  • Propylamines
  • Protease Inhibitors
  • CD13 Antigens
  • Neprilysin